Linking Sheet Music and Audio - Challenges and New Approaches

Score and audio files are the two most important ways to represent, convey, record, store, and experience music. While score describes a piece of music on an abstract level using symbols such as notes, keys, and measures, audio files allow for reproducing a specific acoustic realization of the piece. Each of these representations reflects different facets of music yielding insights into aspects ranging from structural elements (e.g., motives, themes, musical form) to specific performance aspects (e.g., artistic shaping, sound). Therefore, the simultaneous access to score and audio representations is of great importance. In this paper, we address the problem of automatically generating musically relevant linking structures between the various data sources that are available for a given piece of music. In particular, we discuss the task of sheet music-audio synchronization with the aim to link regions in images of scanned scores to musically corresponding sections in an audio recording of the same piece. Such linking structures form the basis for novel interfaces that allow users to access and explore multimodal sources of music within a single framework. As our main contributions, we give an overview of the state-of-the-art for this kind of synchronization task, we present some novel approaches, and indicate future research directions. In particular, we address problems that arise in the presence of structural differences and discuss challenges when applying optical music recognition to complex orchestral scores. Finally, potential applications of the synchronization results are presented

Towards Bridging the Gap between Sheet Music and Audio

Sheet music and audio recordings represent and describe music on different semantic levels. Sheet music describes abstract high-level parameters such as notes, keys, measures, or repeats in a visual form. Because of its explicitness and compactness, most musicologists discuss and analyze the meaning of music on the basis of sheet music. On the contrary, most people enjoy music by listening to audio recordings, which represent music in an acoustic form. In particular, the nuances and subtleties of musical performances, which are generally not written down in the score, make the music come alive. In this paper, we address the problem of bridging the gap between the sheet music domain and the audio domain. In particular, we discuss aspects on music representations, music synchronization, and optical music recognition, while indicating various strategies and open research problems

LIFE-SHARE Project: Developing a Digitisation Strategy Toolkit

This poster will outline the Digitisation Strategy Toolkit created as part of the LIFE-SHARE project. The toolkit is based on the lifecycle model created by the LIFE project and explores the creation, acquisition, ingest, preservation (bit-stream and content) and access requirements for a digitisation strategy. This covers the policies and infrastructure required in libraries to establish successful practices. The toolkit also provides both internal and external resources to support the service. This poster will illustrate how the toolkit works effectively to support digitisation with examples from three case studies at the Universities of Leeds, Sheffield and York

Well-being in hypoparathyroidism

Patienten mit einem Hypoparathyreoidismus (HP) sind durch die Unterfunktion der Nebenschilddrüsen und den resultierenden Mangel an Parathormon (PTH) nicht in der Lage, einen ausreichenden Serum-Calcium-Spiegel aufrecht zu erhalten. Die aktuelle Therapie umfasst die Substitution von Calcium und Vitamin D, als Therapiekontrolle dient der Serum-Calcium-Wert. Erfahrungen aus der Betreuung der Patienten legen jedoch den Verdacht nahe, dass es damit nicht möglich ist, eine ausreichende Beschwerdefreiheit zu erlangen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden insgesamt 29 Patienten (28 Frauen, 1 Mann) untersucht, die als Folge einer Operation an einem HP erkrankt sind oder bei denen ein idiopathischer oder Pseudo-HP besteht. 25 Patientinnen wurden mit einer Kontrollgruppe von 25 Schilddrüsenoperierten verglichen, bei denen es postoperativ nicht zur Ausbildung eines HP gekommen war. Mit Beschwerdeinventaren wurden Befindlichkeitsstörungen quantifiziert und anhand von Nierensonographie, Osteodensitometrie und augenärztlicher Untersuchung nach körperlichen Manifestationen gesucht. In den Beschwerdeinventaren zeigte sich bei den Patientinnen im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe eine signifikant erhöhte generelle Beschwerdelast (SCL 90-R: p=0.02, B-L: p=0.002, GBB-24: p=0.011) und eine signifikant stärkere Ausprägung von Somatisierungsneigung (p=0.032), Depressivität (p=0.016), Ängstlichkeit (p=0.001) und Phobie (p=0.017). Sonographisch konnte bei zwei Patientinnen eine Nephrokalzinose nachgewiesen werden. Die negative Korrelation von Serum-Calcium und Serum-Phosphat bei der Patientengruppe (r=-0.42, p=0.035) sprach jedoch für ein erhöhtes Verkalkungsrisiko. Die Osteodensitometrie mittels DXA ergab im Vergleich zum Normkollektiv eine signifikant erhöhte Knochendichte an der Lendenwirbelsäule (p=0.0005) und den Messpunkten des proximalen Femurs (Hals: p=0.015, Trochanter: p<0.0001). Die Messung mit pQCT am Radius zeigte keinen signifikanten Unterschied (Gesamt: p=0.32, Spongiosa: p=0.28). Die augenärztliche Untersuchung ergab eine Katarakthäufigkeit von 55% bei den untersuchten Patienten, 40% davon hatten kortikale Trübungen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es mit der heute durchgeführten alleinigen Substitution von Calcium und Vitamin D nicht gelingt, Patienten mit HP zufriedenstellend zu therapieren. Trotz guter Einstellung des Serum-Calciums bestehen sowohl funktionelle als auch strukturelle Störungen. Die vorliegende Studie belegt die Notwendigkeit der weiteren Erforschung von kausalen Therapieansätzen wie der Transplantation von NSD-Gewebe und der Substitution von PTH.Standard treatment in hypoparathyroidism consists of calcium and vitamin D (or vitamin D analogs) but does not employ replacement of the actual missing hormone. Only few studies have evaluated the efficacy of calcium/vitamin D treatment in hypoparathyroidism; the impact of chronic hypoparathyroid disease on well-being has not been investigated previously. This study is a Cross-sectional, controlled study in 25 unselected women with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism since 6.4plus minus8.0 years (s.d.) on stable treatment with calcium and vitamin D (or analogs) and in 25 controls with a history of thyroid surgery but intact parathyroid function, who were matched for sex, age and time since surgery. Well-being and mood were evaluated by using validated questionnaires (the revised version Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90-R); the Giessen Complaint List (GBB-24); and the von Zerssen Symptom List (B-L Zerssen)), serum and urinary calcium/phosphorus homeostasis, and in the hypoparathyroid patients also screening for secondary disease by kidney ultrasound, ophthalmological split lamp examination, and measurement of bone mineral density. RESULTS: Serum calcium was in the accepted therapeutic range in the majority of hypoparathyroid patients. However, calcium/phosphorus homeostasis as a whole was clearly non-physiological. Nephrolithiasis was detected in 2 and cataracts in 11 of 25 hypoparathyroid patients. As compared with controls, hypoparathyroid patients had significantly higher global complaint scores in GBB-24 (P=0.036), B-L Zerssen (P=0.002) and SCL-90-R (P=0.020) with predominant increases in the subscale scores for anxiety, phobic anxiety and their physical equivalents. CONCLUSIONS: Current standard treatment in hypoparathyroidism is not only associated with an altered calcium/phosphorus homeostasis but also fails to restore well-being in these patients. Future studies need to address the impact of more physiological treatment options like parathyroid hormone(1-34) or parathyroid transplantation on well-being and mood in these patients

Learning about Drinking Water: How Important are the Three Dimensions of Knowledge that Can Change Individual Behavior?

Clean drinking water, our most important resource, needs comprehensive protection. Due to its ubiquitous availability, the awareness of the importance of clean drinking water has partially vanished. Therefore, sensitizing within this context and improving individual ecological behavior has become an important issue in science curricula. We developed a student-centered guided-learning module based on nine workstations, with the themes: occurrence rates, purification methods, cleaning guidelines, distribution patterns, use and consumption, pollution, problems, types of drinking water and virtual water. One hundred and seventy four ninth to eleventh graders participated in our outreach intervention. All tasks presented via workstations were completed before participants inspected a nearby reed sewage treatment plant and completed hands-on experiments. For empirical analyses, we collected the newly acquired knowledge in three dimensions: system-knowledge, action-related knowledge and effectiveness knowledge, which together are assumed to provide a sufficient basis for conservation behavior. System knowledge directly affects action-related and effectiveness knowledge and these two types of knowledge, in turn, affect directly the ecological behavior. At all three test schedules, the three dimensions of knowledge correlated with each other, especially in both follow-up tests. The relevance of these results for schools is discussed